SamajHiranyagarbha · Class 11-12
Parivaar, kaam aur 'second shift'
Do log ek hi office mein 8 ghante kaam karte hain. Ghar lautkar ek aaraam karta hai, doosra khana, bartan aur bachchon ka homework sambhalta hai. Kya dono ka 'workday' barabar hai?
Socho pehle… phir dekho jawab
Nahi. Sociology ise 'double burden' ya 'second shift' kehti hai — paid kaam ke baad ghar ka unpaid care kaam. Parivaar ek social institution hai, aur usme kaam ka bantwaara (division of labour) aksar gender ke hisaab se hota hai, prakriti ke hisaab se nahi.
Family as institution: parivaar sirf rishton ka jod nahi, ek sanstha hai jo niyam, bhoomika aur zimmedariyan tay karti hai — kaun kamayega, kaun pakayega, kaun bujurgon ki dekhbhaal karega. Ekal (nuclear) aur sanyukt (extended) parivaar mein yeh bantwaara alag dikhta hai, par aksar care ka bojh mahilaon par rehta hai. Arlie Hochschild ki kitaab 'The Second Shift' (1989) ne kaamkaaji mahilaon ke isi doosre shift ko naam diya.
Mechanism — production boundary: national accounts (GDP) apne istemaal ke liye ugaaye anaaj jaise samaan ko toh ginte hain, par parivaar ke liye ki gayi gharelu sevaon (khana, safai, dekhbhaal) ko production boundary ke bahar rakhte hain. Nateeja: care kaam 'adrishya' hai. Isiliye Time Use Survey jaise maap zaroori hain — aaj ke card ke anusaar TUS 2024 mein 15-59 saal ki mahilaon ne roz 305 minute unpaid gharelu kaam kiya (2019 mein 315).
Trade-off: kai States mahilaon ko har mahine bina shart cash transfer dete hain. Ek taraf, isse mahila ke haath mein apna paisa aur ghar mein awaaz aati hai. Doosri taraf, akela paisa yeh pakka kar sakta hai ki ghar ka kaam 'uska hi' hai. Isliye card mein paani ke connection, rasoi gas aur creche jaise upaay sujhaye gaye hain jo ghante hi ghatate hain.
Meher ka chunaav: NSS camp ke baad Meher ne apne ghar ka 24 ghante ka time-use diary banaya. Data dekh kar parivaar ne baith kar kaam dobara baanta — uske papa ne subah ka nashta apne zimme liya. Ek table ne woh dikha diya jo baatein nahi dikha paayi thi.
Ghar pe try karo
24 ghante ka time-use diary banao: apna aur ghar ke ek bade ka, aadhe-aadhe ghante ke khaanon mein. Har khaane ko 4 rang do: paid kaam, unpaid care kaam, padhai/self-care, aaram. Dono ke rangon ke ghante jodo aur 3 line mein likho ki tumne kya dekha.
Wow!
Jo anaaj kisan apne ghar ke liye ugaata hai, woh GDP mein gina ja sakta hai — par usi anaaj ki roti ghar mein banana bahar reh jaata hai!
3 sawaal
- Paid kaam ke baad ghar ka unpaid care kaam karne ko sociology mein kya kehte hain?
Jawab dekho
Second shift / double burden. Hochschild ne isi doosre shift ko 'The Second Shift' (1989) mein naam diya.
- GDP ki production boundary ke bahar kya rehta hai?
Jawab dekho
Parivaar ke liye ki gayi gharelu sevayein (khana, safai, dekhbhaal). Apne parivaar ke liye ki gayi gharelu sevayein national accounts mein nahi gini jaati.
- Card ke anusaar TUS 2024 mein 15-59 saal ki mahilaon ne roz kitne minute unpaid gharelu kaam kiya?
Jawab dekho
305. PIB ke anusaar 2024 mein 305 minute, 2019 mein 315.
NCERT se jodo: NCERT Class 11 Sociology — samaj ki sansthayein: parivaar, kaam aur aarthik jeevan