BiotechPushan · Class 9-10
Bacteria ko insulin banana kisne sikhaya?
Insulin ek insaani protein hai. Phir dawaai ki shishi mein woh bacteria se kaise ban jaata hai?
Socho pehle… phir dekho jawab
Kyunki DNA ki bhasha har jeev mein ek jaisi hai. Vaigyanikon ne insulin ka human gene kaat kar bacteria ke chhote gol DNA (plasmid) mein jod diya. Bacteria ne use apna hi nirdesh samajh kar insulin banana shuru kar diya.
DNA ko ek nirdesh-pustika (instruction book) samjho aur gene ko uska ek page — ek protein banane ki recipe. 1980s se insulin is tarah banaya jaa raha hai: human insulin gene ko plasmid mein jod kar bacteria mein daala jaata hai. Bacteria tezi se badhte hain aur har ek wahi protein banata hai. Isse recombinant DNA technology kehte hain.
Bt cotton mein bhi wahi trick hai. Bacillus thuringiensis naam ke mitti ke bacterium mein ek gene hota hai jo Cry protein banata hai. Yeh protein kuch keede ke laarva ke aantriye (alkaline) maahaul mein hi active hokar unki aant ko nuksaan pahunchata hai; insaan ke tezaabi pet mein woh aise kaam nahin karta. Yahi gene kapaas ke paudhe mein daal diya gaya, taaki bollworm se ladne ke liye chhidkav kam karna pade. Bharat mein commercial kheti ke liye manjoori paayi ekmaatra GM fasal Bt cotton hi hai.
Roz ki biotech aur bhi hai. Detergent mein enzymes (protease, amylase, lipase) hote hain jo protein, starch aur chikne daag ko tod dete hain — isliye thande paani mein bhi kapde saaf hote hain. Gobar-gas plant mein hawa ke bina rehne wale bacteria gobar ko todkar methane banate hain, aur bacha slurry khaad ban jaata hai. Aur teeka? Woh shareer ko rogaanu ka 'photo' dikhaata hai, taaki memory cells use yaad rakhein.
Ghar pe try karo
Ghar ke detergent ka packet padho — 'enzyme' ya 'protease/amylase' likha mila? Ab do katori gungune paani mein haldi ya dal ka daag laga ek jaisa kapda dubao, ek mein sirf paani, doosri mein thoda detergent (bade ko batakar). 20 minute baad dono nikaal kar tulna karo — enzyme ka kaam apni aankhon se dekho.
Wow!
DNA ki bhasha itni universal hai ki ek insaani gene bacteria ke andar bhi bilkul waise hi padha jaata hai — isiliye ek chhota sa bacterium insaani insulin bana deta hai.
3 sawaal
- Plasmid kya hai?
Jawab dekho
Bacteria ka chhota gol DNA jismein naya gene joda jaa sakta hai. Plasmid bacteria ka chhota gol DNA hai — recombinant DNA technology mein yahi gene ka vehicle banta hai.
- Bt cotton ka 'Bt' wala gene kahan se aaya hai?
Jawab dekho
Ek mitti ke bacterium, Bacillus thuringiensis se. Bacillus thuringiensis ka gene Cry protein banata hai, jo kuch keede ke laarva par asar karta hai.
- Detergent mein daale gaye enzymes kya karte hain?
Jawab dekho
Protein, starch aur chikne daag ko tod dete hain. Protease, amylase aur lipase daag ke anu ko chhote tukdon mein tod dete hain, isliye kam tapmaan par bhi safai hoti hai.
NCERT se jodo: NCERT Class 10 Science — heredity (gene aur DNA); Class 9 Science — cell aur uske components