BiotechPushan · Class 9-10

DNA se gun tak: gene, protein aur ek Odisha ki dhaan ka chhupa hunar

Odisha ke ek gaon mein Ravi ki dadi ke paas ek purani potli thi, jismein kam upaj wali desi dhaan ke beej the. School mein agricultural scientist didi aayi aur boli, 'Odisha ki ek purani, kam upaj wali dhaan ki kism do hafte paani mein doobi rehkar bhi zinda rehti thi. Vaigyanikon ne uske DNA mein woh ek line dhoondh nikaali aur use zyada upaj wali kism mein jod diya.' Ravi ne poocha, 'Woh line kya thi?'

Socho pehle… phir dekho jawab

Ravi ne biology ki class yaad ki aur kaha, 'Ek gene — DNA ka ek tukda — jo ek khaas protein banane ka nirdesh deta hai.' Didi muskurayi, 'Haan. Woh protein doobe paudhe ko kehta hai urja bachao, badhna rok do, isliye paudha paani utarne tak bach jaata hai. Gun DNA mein likha hai, protein use amal mein laata hai.'

Didi ne board par teer banaye: DNA → gene → protein → gun (trait). 'DNA chaar nucleotide aksharon (A, T, G, C) ki lambi kadi hai; A hamesha T se aur G hamesha C se jodi banata hai (base pairing), isliye dohri seedhi (double helix).' Ravi ne gene ka matlab likha: DNA ka woh hissa jisme ek protein banane ka kram likha hai. Didi boli, 'Protein hi asal kaam karte hain: enzyme, rang, pump. Isliye gun badalna = kaunsa protein, kitna, kab — ka farak.'

'Par har dhaan alag kyun hoti hai?' Ravi ne poocha. Didi ne NCERT Class 10 heredity ka vichar yaad dilaya — variation aur chunaav. 'Laingik prajanan mein santaan ko har gene ki do pratiyaan milti hain, ek maa se, ek pita se; alag pratiyaan (allele) alag gun de sakti hain.' Ravi ne dadi ki potli ke baare mein socha. Didi boli, 'Peedhiyon tak kisaan jo paudha is mitti-baarish mein behtar nikla, uska beej bachaate rahe — isliye har desi kism (landrace) apne ilaake ki chunauti ka jawab apne gene mein rakhti hai.'

Phir didi ne poori kahani sunayi (IRRI ke anusaar): Odisha ki paramparik kism FR13A kam upaj deti thi, par 14 din tak poori tarah paani mein doob kar bhi bach jaati thi. Vaigyanikon ne uske DNA mein SUB1 gene pehchana aur use zyada upaj wali Swarna mein joda — Swarna-Sub1. Ravi ne kadi banayi: ek bhoola hua beej bacha, phir uska gene mila, phir woh laakhon kheton tak pahuncha, isliye baadh wale ilaake ke kisaan ki fasal bachi. Didi ne kaha, 'Jo kism kam upaj ki wajah se bekaar lag rahi thi, usi mein sabse keemti line thi.'

Ravi ne dadi ki potli kas kar pakdi. Didi ne samjhaya, 'Isliye kismein bachaana gene bachaana hai.' Do raaste hain: in-situ (kisaan ke khet mein bote rehna) aur ex-situ (gene bank mein beej, thande aur sookhe). 'Dono chahiye: khet mein kism badalte mausam ke saath dhalti rehti hai, bank mein woh surakshit rehti hai.' Agle din Ravi ne apne gaon ki bekaar maani jaane wali laal dhaan ki potli school ke beej-bank mein rakhi — naam, gaon, saal ke saath.

Ravi ne socha ki gaon mein aur kitni potliyan hongi. Tum Ravi hote toh apne gaon ke purane beej dhoondhne aur bachaane ke liye kya karte?

Humne kya kiya :- Doobne wali dhaan ke hunar ko DNA, gene aur protein ki kadi se samjha aur FR13A → SUB1 → Swarna-Sub1 ka safar dekha.

Isse kya hua :- Saaf hua ki gun gene mein likhe hain, variation kisaan ke chunaav ka aadhaar hai, aur ek kam upaj wali kism mein bhi laakhon kheton ka jawab ho sakta hai.

Ghar pe try karo

Kaagaz par 20 nucleotide ki ek DNA ladi likho (A/T/G/C). Neeche uski jodi wali ladi likho (A↔T, G↔C). Ab ek akshar badal do aur jodi phir se likho: kitni jagah farak aaya? Phir ek chhoti report: 'Agar yeh gene baadh-sahan ka ho, toh ek akshar ka farak kisaan ke liye kya matlab rakh sakta hai?'

Wow!

FR13A dhaan ko dashakon tak 'kam upaj wali purani kism' kaha gaya — aur usi ke ek gene ne baadh wale ilaakon ki zyada upaj wali dhaan ko 14 din tak paani mein bachna sikhaya!

3 sawaal

DNA mein base pairing ka sahi niyam kya hai?
Jawab dekho
A–T, G–C. Adenine hamesha thymine se aur guanine hamesha cytosine se jodi banata hai.
Gene se gun tak ka sahi kram?
Jawab dekho
Gene → protein → gun. Gene protein banane ka nirdesh deta hai; protein kaam karke gun dikhata hai.
FR13A dhaan kism kis liye jaani jaati hai?
Jawab dekho
SUB1 gene — 14 din paani mein doob kar bachna. IRRI ke anusaar Odisha ki FR13A SUB1 gene ka srot hai, jo Swarna-Sub1 mein joda gaya.

NCERT se jodo: NCERT Class 10 Science — heredity: gene, gun, variation; Class 9 Science — cell ka nucleus aur chromosome; improvement in food resources (idea in words)

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