BiologyMarichi · UPSC
Leprosy: Prevalence ka Jashn, Transmission ka Sach
'Eliminated in 2005, but never ended.' Elimination, interruption of transmission aur eradication ko ek samajhne wala candidate Prelims mein kahan phansta hai?
Socho pehle… phir dekho jawab
WHO ka 'elimination as a public health problem' = registered prevalence 1 per 10,000 se kam; yeh zero case nahi. Interruption of transmission = koi naya local case nahi. Eradication = duniya bhar mein zero. India ki strategy prevalence se transmission ki taraf shift ho rahi hai, par results design se peeche hain.
Biology core: leprosy Mycobacterium leprae se hota hai, ek bahut dheere badhne wala bacterium; infection se rog dikhne tak lamba gap. Prevalence register par maujooda case ginti hai, isliye chhota ilaaj prevalence girata hai bhale transmission chalta rahe (P ≈ I × D). New cases, child cases aur grade-2 disability truer signals hain.
Card facts (2025-26 National Leprosy Elimination Programme report, Hindu editorial): sirf 148 districts ne interruption of transmission paaya (field verification baaki), 300 projected the. Highly endemic ilaakon mein 70 crore se zyada log screen hue aur 24,367 case mile; ASHA workers ne lagbhag 40 lakh suspected flag kiye, jinme 48,027 confirm hue. Incidence projection se 41%, child incidence 91.6% aur grade-2 disability rate 34% upar. Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Odisha aur Maharashtra par bhaar zyada. PIB (2025): 2024-25 prevalence 0.57 per 10,000, naye case mein bachchon ka hissa 4.68%.
Static: National Strategic Plan and Roadmap for Leprosy 2023-27 ka lakshya 2030 tak interruption of transmission (PIB document); Health Ministry ka reported target 2027 tak 'zero transmission'. 2025 se leprosy sabhi health sectors ke liye notifiable. Personal Laws (Amendment) Act, 2019 ne paanch personal laws mein leprosy ko divorce ke aadhaar se hataaya. WHO Global Leprosy Strategy 2021-2030: 'Towards zero leprosy'.
Prelims traps: (1) Elimination as a public health problem ≠ zero cases. (2) Prevalence ≠ incidence. (3) Universal notification 2025 mein aayi. Mains angle (GS2 health; GS1 society for stigma): overshoot ka ek hissa behtar detection hai, par grade-2 disability ka badhna late diagnosis dikhata hai. Equity: national 0.57 endemic pockets ko chhupa leta hai; do target dates (2027, 2030) chupchaap goalpost khiskaane ko aasaan banaati hain, isliye targets kade aur verification independent ho.
Ghar pe try karo
150 shabd mein likho: 'Prevalence se transmission tak: India ki leprosy strategy kitni badli?' Ek P ≈ I × D wali line, ek data (148 vs 300 districts) aur ek stigma-law (Personal Laws (Amendment) Act, 2019) shamil karo.
Wow!
Ek desh 'elimination' ka lakshya paar kar sakta hai aur phir bhi uske bachchon mein naye case aa sakte hain; isliye card ka sabak hai: prevalence nahi, transmission naapo.
3 sawaal
- Leprosy ke liye WHO ke 'elimination as a public health problem' ka arth?
Jawab dekho
Registered prevalence 1 per 10,000 se kam. Yeh prevalence threshold hai (1 per 10,000 se kam), zero case nahi; India ne ise 2005 mein national level par paaya.
- Trap: sahi kathan chuno.
Jawab dekho
Personal Laws (Amendment) Act, 2019 ne leprosy ko divorce ke aadhaar se hataaya. 2019 ke Act ne paanch personal laws se yeh aadhaar hataaya; universal notification 2025 mein aayi; rog bacterium se hota hai.
- Recent transmission ka sabse saaf indicator kaunsa hai?
Jawab dekho
Child incidence (bachchon mein naye case). Bachchon mein naye case haal ke failaav ka sabse saaf signal hain; prevalence ilaaj ki avadhi se bhi badalti hai.
NCERT se jodo: GS2 — Issues relating to development and management of Social Sector/Services relating to Health; GS1 — Society (stigma); NCERT Class 12 Biology — human health and disease