UPSC Darpan

BiologyMarichi · UPSC

Ecology ke Prelims Trap: Pyramid, 10% Niyam, Biomagnification aur Umbrella Species

Dehradun mein Prelims ki taiyaari kar rahi Anjali ne pichhle das saal ke ecology sawaal ek saath rakhe. Har saal kuch aisa tha: 'kaunsa pyramid ulta ho sakta hai', 'DDT kahan sabse zyada'. Usne socha, UPSC yahi sawaal baar-baar kyun poochhta hai? Shaam ko uske mentor Dev sir ne kaha, "Kyunki ek hi kadi — suraj se shikari tak — se paanch alag trap bante hain."

Socho pehle… phir dekho jawab

Dev sir ne teen vaakya likhe aur kaha ki jad ek hai: urja ek disha mein behti hai aur har trophic level par ghat-ti hai; padarth chakra mein ghoomta hai; aur na tootne wale rasayan kadi mein upar jaate hue gadhe hote hain. In teen vaakyon se ecology ke adhiktar Prelims sawaal hal hote hain.

Agle din Anjali hostel ke peeche ke talaab par gayi aur notebook mein kadi banayi: trophic levels (utpaadak → shakahari → maansahari → upar ke maansahari), aur apghatak (decomposer: mare padarth ko todne waale) har level par. Dev sir ne joda: GPP − R = NPP; ten percent law (Lindeman, 1942); grazing vs detritus food chain — zameen par detritus chain zyada urja le jaati hai. Phir pyramids of number, biomass, energy: energy ka pyramid kabhi ulta nahi, biomass ka talaab mein ulta, number ka ek ped ke keedon ke saath ulta. Anjali ne talaab ki taraf dekha — yahi to ulta biomass pyramid tha.

Phir DDT ka sawaal aaya. Anjali ne pehle dono shabd ek hi maan liye the. Sir ne alag kiye: bioaccumulation ek jeev ke sharir mein rasayan ka jama hona; biomagnification kadi ke har level par uska gadha hona. NCERT ka udaharan: DDT — paani mein bahut kam, shikari chidiyon mein bahut zyada, aur unke ande ke chhilke patle. Shart: rasayan toot-ta na ho aur sharir se nikle na.

Teesra din baagh ka tha. Keystone, umbrella aur flagship: keystone species jaal par apne biomass se kahin bada asar daalti hai; umbrella species ka sanrakshan uske bade ilaake ke baaki jeevon ko bhi bachata hai (baagh); flagship species logon ka samarthan jutaati hai. Anjali ne likha: Project Tiger (1973) baagh ko umbrella aur flagship dono ki tarah istemaal karta hai; NTCA Wild Life (Protection) Amendment Act, 2006 se bani.

Mock test mein Anjali ne paanch trap pakde: (a) 'Urja ecosystem mein chakra mein ghoomti hai' — galat; urja ek disha mein, padarth chakra mein. (b) 'Apghatak ek alag trophic level hain' — nahi, woh har level ke mare padarth par kaam karte hain aur pyramid mein nahi dikhte. (c) 'Biomass ka pyramid hamesha seedha' — talaab mein ulta. (d) 'Biomagnification utpaadak mein sabse zyada' — ulta; sabse upar ke upbhokta mein. (e) Ek jeev ek hi trophic level par — nahi; hum anaj khaakar doosre, doodh-dahi se teesre level par.

Answer ka opener dhoondhte hue Anjali ko Bharat ki jad mili: Taittiriya Upanishad 3.2 — 'annad dhyeva khalvimani bhutani jayante': sab jeev anna se janmte hain, anna se jeete hain aur anna mein lautte hain — poshan-chakra ki ek praachin vyakhya, jo GS1 (sanskriti) aur GS3 (paryavaran) dono ko chhooti hai.

Aap Anjali hote toh in paanch trap mein se kis par sabse zyada dhyaan dete, aur kyun?

Humne kya kiya :- Ecology ke paanch Prelims trap ko urja-dhaara, padarth-chakra aur biomagnification ke teen niyamon se joda.

Isse kya hua :- Rattne ki jagah ek kadi: suraj se utpaadak, phir 10% ka ghatav, phir zeher ka badhav, isliye upar ke jeev sanket bhi hain aur umbrella bhi.

Ghar pe try karo

15 minute: ek page par 'Ecology ki kadi' banao — beech mein 'suraj → utpaadak → upbhokta → apghatak', chaaron taraf paanch trap (urja vs padarth, apghatak ka level, ulta pyramid, biomagnification ki disha, ek jeev kai level). Har trap ke saath ek statement likho jo sahi lage par galat ho. Dost se hal karwao.

Wow!

Zameen ke ecosystem mein jungle ka asli 'kaarobaar' mitti ke apghatak chalate hain — detritus chain grazing chain se kahin zyada urja le jaati hai, par pyramid mein woh dikhte hi nahi!

3 sawaal

  1. Kaunsa ecological pyramid kabhi ulta nahi ho sakta?
    Jawab dekho

    Energy ka. Har trophic level par urja ghat-ti hai (thermodynamics ka doosra niyam); biomass (talaab) aur number (ped) ulte ho sakte hain.

  2. Biomagnification ke liye rasayan mein kaunsi shart zaroori hai?
    Jawab dekho

    Woh toot-ta na ho aur sharir se nikle na. DDT jaise sthir, vasa mein ghulne wale rasayan har level par gadhe hote hain; sabse zyada sabse upar ke upbhokta mein.

  3. NTCA (National Tiger Conservation Authority) kis kanoon se bani?
    Jawab dekho

    Wild Life (Protection) Amendment Act, 2006. Project Tiger 1973 mein shuru hua; NTCA ko 2006 ke Wild Life (Protection) sanshodhan se vaidhanik roop mila.

NCERT se jodo: GS3 — Environment & Ecology (ecosystem, energy flow, biomagnification, conservation); NCERT Class 10 aur 12 ke hamara paryavaran, ecosystem aur biodiversity ke vichar

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