BiotechMarichi · UPSC
GEAC, Bt Brinjal aur GM Sarson: Regulation ka Asli Imtihaan
Bharat ke khet mein aaj tak commercially sirf ek hi GM crop ugti hai. Kaun si — aur baaki kahan atak gayin?
Socho pehle… phir dekho jawab
Bt cotton, jise 2002 mein manzoori mili. Baaki ka safar regulation ke us raaste par atka hai jahan science, kisan ki jeb, paryavaran aur adaalat — chaaron bolte hain. Yahi is topic ka asli syllabus hai: technology nahi, uska governance.
Dhaancha pehle. GMO ka niyantran Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 ke tehat bane 'Rules, 1989' se hota hai. Research aur field-trial stage RCGM dekhti hai, jo DBT ke tehat hai; environmental release ki sifarish GEAC karti hai, jo MoEFCC ke tehat hai. Field trial ke liye rajya ki NOC bhi chahiye — isliye kai rajyon ne de facto veto chalaya hai.
Do case study. Bt brinjal: GEAC ne 2009 mein release ki sifarish ki, phir public consultations ke baad Environment Ministry ne February 2010 mein anishchitkaal ka moratorium laga diya. GM sarson DMH-11 (Delhi University mein barnase-barstar-bar system se bana hybrid): GEAC ne 2022 mein environmental release ki sifarish ki, maamla Supreme Court pahuncha aur do judges ka split verdict aaya, saath hi adaalat ne Centre se kaha ki public consultation ke saath GM par national policy banaye. Dono paksh rakho — samarthak: yield aur edible oil ka import bill; virodhi: herbicide tolerance ka asar, pollinators, aur SC dwara niyukt Technical Expert Committee ki chintayein.
Crop se aage. DNA Technology (Use and Application) Regulation Bill, 2019 ne DNA data banks ka dhaancha sujhaaya; bahas privacy ki hai — Puttaswamy (2017) ke baad consent, retention ki seema aur kisi samuday ke profiling ka dar. Gene therapy: IIT Bombay aur Tata Memorial se nikli CAR-T therapy ko regulator ki manzoori mili aur keemat imported se kai guna kam hai, phir bhi aam parivaar ki pahunch se bahar. IPR aur kisan: Bharat ne UPOV ke bajaay sui generis PPV&FR Act, 2001 chuna, jiska Section 39 kisan ko beej bachane, boane aur bechne ka haq deta hai. Biopiracy par haldi-neem patents ka radd hona aur TKDL yaad rakho.
Prelims trap: GEAC Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change ke tehat hai — Agriculture Ministry ya DBT ke nahi; aur 'A' ab Appraisal hai, Approval nahi, kyunki antim faisla sarkar ka hota hai. Cartagena Protocol biosafety par hai aur Nagoya Protocol access aur benefit-sharing par — dono CBD ke tehat. Aur Bt cotton hi ekmaatra GM crop hai jise Bharat mein commercial cultivation ki manzoori mili; Bt brinjal ki sirf sifarish hui thi, manzoori nahi.
Ghar pe try karo
GEAC ki website par kisi ek meeting ke minutes kholo aur 5 minute mein note karo — agenda mein kaun se crop aur kis stage ki application thi. Phir ek page par do column banao: 'GM ke paksh mein 5 tark' aur 'virodh mein 5 tark' — Mains mein yahi balance number laata hai.
Wow!
Bt brinjal ko technical committee ki haan mil chuki thi — use roka science ne nahi, public consultation aur rajnaitik faisle ne. Regulation sirf laboratory ka kaam nahi hota.
3 sawaal
- GEAC kis mantralaya ke tehat kaam karti hai?
Jawab dekho
Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change. GEAC MoEFCC ke tehat Rules, 1989 ke antargat environmental release par sifarish karti hai; RCGM DBT ke tehat research stage dekhti hai.
- Trap: nimnlikhit mein kaunsa kathan sahi hai?
Jawab dekho
Bt cotton Bharat ka ekmaatra GM crop hai jise commercial cultivation ki manzoori mili hai. Bt brinjal par moratorium hai; Bharat ne UPOV ke bajaay sui generis PPV&FR Act, 2001 chuna; LMO ke transboundary movement par Cartagena Protocol hai, Nagoya nahi.
- PPV&FR Act, 2001 ka Section 39 mukhya roop se kya deta hai?
Jawab dekho
Kisan ko beej bachane, boane, badalne aur bechne ka haq (brand ke packet mein nahi). Yahi India ke sui generis system ki pehchaan hai — breeders' rights ke saath farmers' rights ko kanooni darja.
NCERT se jodo: GS3 — Science & Technology (biotechnology, GM crops, IPR); GS2 — Governance aur regulatory bodies; NCERT Class 12 Biology — biotechnology and its applications