BiotechMarichi · UPSC
Micropropagation, Genetic Uniformity aur IPR: Ek Policy Nazariya
Science ki ek chhoti si khoobi — totipotency — se kisano ke liye kaunse policy sawaal khade hote hain?
Socho pehle… phir dekho jawab
Totipotency ki wajah se ek accha paudha micropropagation se lakhon clones mein badal sakta hai — jo speed aur uniformity deta hai, par saath hi genetic uniformity ka risk aur variety-ownership (IPR) ka sawaal bhi laata hai.
Science: explant se callus, callus se plantlet — totipotency (ek cell mein poora organism banane ki genetic potential) hi is process ki bunyaad hai. Yeh conventional breeding se tez hai kyunki seed cycle ka intezaar nahi karna padta, aur GM se alag hai kyunki koi foreign gene nahi daala jaata — bas existing genome ki copy banti hai.
Policy angle 1 — genetic diversity: bade paimane par ek hi clone lagane se crop genetically uniform ho jaata hai, jo ek naye pathogen se poori fasal ko khatre mein daal sakta hai — isliye gene banks aur in-situ/ex-situ conservation (jaise seed banks) zaroori hain, taaki diversity bachi rahe.
Policy angle 2 — IPR: Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers' Rights (PPV&FR) Act, 2001 breeders ke saath-saath kisano ke bhi adhikar sanrakshit karta hai — jaise kisan ka apna beej rakhne, istemaal karne aur bechne ka adhikar. Jab ek variety micropropagation se bade paimane par multiply ki jaati hai, toh yeh sawaal uthta hai ki uska IPR kiske paas hai aur kisano ke traditional adhikar kaise surakshit rahen.
Ghar pe try karo
150-word Mains skeleton: intro (totipotency aur micropropagation kya hai), fayda (speed, uniformity, disease-free planting material), risk (genetic uniformity), governance (PPV&FR Act 2001, gene banks/conservation), conclusion (technology aur diversity/rights ka balance).
Wow!
Micropropagation GM technology nahi hai — isme koi naya gene nahi daala jaata, bas ek accha paudha 'copy-paste' hota hai!
3 sawaal
- PPV&FR Act, 2001 kiske adhikar sanrakshit karta hai?
Jawab dekho
Breeders ke saath-saath kisano ke bhi. PPV&FR Act, 2001 breeders aur kisano dono ke adhikar sanrakshit karta hai.
- Trap: micropropagation ke baare mein sahi kathan?
Jawab dekho
Isme koi naya gene nahi daala jaata, bas existing genome copy hota hai. Micropropagation mein naya gene nahi daala jaata — yeh GM se alag hai.
- Genetic uniformity ke risk se bachne ka ek governance tareeka kya hai?
Jawab dekho
Gene banks aur diversity conservation. Gene banks aur in-situ/ex-situ conservation genetic diversity bachate hain.
NCERT se jodo: GS3 — Science & Technology, Agriculture; NCERT Class 12 Biology — biotechnology principles and processes