BiotechMarichi · UPSC
Climate-Resilient Seeds aur Drought-Proofing: Biotech, Regulation aur Farmers' Rights
Andhra Pradesh ne sookha jaldi ghoshit kiya aur CM ne Godavari-Cauvery linking ka vaada kiya. Drought-proofing ki ek dheemi, sasti line beej mein bhi hai. GS3 mein ise kaise likhein?
Socho pehle… phir dekho jawab
Sookha ek abiotic stress hai. Uske teen biotech jawab hain: conventional/marker-assisted breeding, GM aur genome editing. Teeno alag regulatory raaston se guzarte hain, aur koi bhi beej watershed, crop choice aur samay par relief ke saath hi kaam karta hai.
Card facts: Andhra Pradesh ne 1 October ke order se 688 mein se 388 mandal (26 mein se 21 districts) kharif 2026 ke liye sookhagrast ghoshit kiye: 283 severe, 105 moderate. June-August baarish 197.6 mm vs normal 424.3 mm (53.4% kami), El Niño se badhi. Aadhaar: Manual for Drought Management, 2016 (Union Agriculture Ministry; 2020 mein update): rainfall indicator mandatory trigger, phir impact indicators (sown area, NDVI, soil moisture, hydrology) se severity. Relief pehle SDRF (DM Act, 2005 Section 48) se; severe drought mein NDRF (Section 46).
Biotech static: GM crops ka niyantran Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 ke tehat bane Rules, 1989 se; environmental release ki manzoori GEAC (MoEFCC) deti hai. Genome editing: 2022 mein SDN-1 aur SDN-2 genome-edited paudhe, jinme bahar se daala gaya (exogenous) DNA nahi hai, Rules, 1989 ke GM provisions se chhoot paaye; SDN-3 (naya gene daalna) GM ki tarah regulated rehta hai. Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers' Rights (PPV&FR) Act, 2001: kisan protected variety ke beej bhi bacha, bo, dobara bo, badal, baant aur bech sakta hai, par branded beej ke roop mein nahi.
Prelims traps: (1) Drought State declare karta hai; Manual Union Agriculture Ministry ka hai. (2) SDN-1/SDN-2 (bina foreign DNA) GM rules se exempt; SDN-3 nahi. (3) NDVI vegetation (hariyaali) ka index hai, rainfall ka nahi. (4) Godavari-Cauvery link National Perspective Plan (1980) ke Peninsular component mein hai.
Mains (GS3 — biotechnology; agriculture; disaster management): card ka lens 'short-term relief, long-term reform' hai: relief abhi, river-linking ek dashak ka sawaal. Beech ki line: climate-resilient varieties, millets aur watershed. Dono paksh: samarthak — tez, sateek tools aur kam paani mein upaj; aalochak — biosafety, beej par niyantran, genetic diversity aur kisan ke beej adhikaar. Santulit neeti: evidence-based regulation, public-sector breeding aur kisan tak sasta seed access.
Ghar pe try karo
150 shabd ka answer likho: 'Drought-proofing ke liye river-linking ke saath climate-resilient beej aur millets kyun zaroori hain?' Ek card data (53.4% kami), ek regulatory point (SDN-1/SDN-2) aur ek farmers' rights line (PPV&FR Act, 2001) shamil karo.
Wow!
India ka PPV&FR Act, 2001 kisan ko sirf beej ka kharidaar nahi, uska rakhwala (conserver) aur breeder bhi maanta hai — breeder aur kisan ke adhikaar ek hi kanoon mein.
3 sawaal
- Trap: India mein genome-edited paudhon ke baare mein sahi kya hai?
Jawab dekho
SDN-1 aur SDN-2 (bina foreign DNA) GM rules se exempt hain, SDN-3 nahi. 2022 mein bina exogenous DNA wale SDN-1/SDN-2 paudhe Rules, 1989 ke GM provisions se exempt kiye gaye; SDN-3 regulated hai.
- Manual for Drought Management ke tehat pehla mandatory trigger kya hai?
Jawab dekho
Rainfall indicator. Rainfall indicator mandatory trigger hai; NDVI, sown area, soil moisture impact indicators hain.
- PPV&FR Act, 2001 ke tehat kisan kya NAHI kar sakta?
Jawab dekho
Protected variety ke beej branded beej ke roop mein bechna. Kisan beej bacha, bo, badal aur bech sakta hai, par protected variety ko branded beej ke roop mein nahi.
NCERT se jodo: GS3 — Biotechnology; Agriculture (seeds, cropping patterns); Disaster and disaster management. NCERT Class 12 Biology — biotechnology and its applications