BiotechMarichi · UPSC
Plant Genetic Resources: PPV&FR Act, Gene Bank, Biodiversity Act aur Kisaan ka Haq
Odisha ke ek zile mein krishi adhikari bani Tara ko khabar mili ki uske block ke ek buzurg kisaan ko rashtriya samman milne wala hai. Woh kisaan beej bechta hi nahi tha, bas har saal desi kismein bachata tha. Tara ne socha: aise kisaan ko rashtriya samman kyun milta hai? Uske senior ne kaha, "Kyunki jo woh bachaata hai — har desi kism ka DNA — woh bazaar mein nahi, par desh ki food security ke beeme mein ginta hai. UPSC isi par kanoon, sanstha aur sandhi poochhta hai."
Socho pehle… phir dekho jawab
Tara ne kisaan ke khet mein khade hokar samjha. Jad: genetic diversity (allele ki vividhata) hi sookha, baadh aur naye rog ka jawab hai; aur woh do jagah bachti hai — kisaan ke khet (in-situ) aur gene bank (ex-situ). Isliye Bharat ke teen kanoon-sanstha isi ko ghere hain: PPV&FR Act (kisaan ka haq aur samman), NBPGR (bank), Biological Diversity Act (access and benefit sharing).
Kisaan ne Tara ko apni potli dikhayi — dhaan ki chhoti-chhoti dheriyan. Tara ne vigyan ka core yaad kiya: DNA → gene → protein → gun; allele = gene ke roop; landrace = kisaan-chunaav se bani allele-pool. Phir usne kisaan ko IRRI ka udaharan sunaya: Odisha ki kam upaj wali FR13A ka SUB1 allele marker-assisted backcrossing (chune hue gene ko nishaan dekh kar doosri kism mein laana) se Swarna mein aaya — Swarna-Sub1, 14 din doob kar bachne wali, transgenic nahi. Kisaan muskuraaya. Sabak saaf tha: 'bekaar' kism bhi rashtriya sampatti hai.
Samman ki file mein PPV&FR Act, 2001 tha. Dhara 39 — kisaan surakshit kism ka beej bachaa, bo, phir bo, baant aur bech sakta hai, bas brand naam se nahi. Dhara 39(1)(iii) ke tahat Gene Fund Rules 2012 se Plant Genome Saviour Farmer Reward — ₹1.5 lakh, saal mein adhiktam das; dhara 45 — National Gene Fund aur Community Award. Tara ne note kiya: yeh Bharat ka UPOV se alag 'sui generis' (apne tarah ka) raasta hai — breeder ka adhikaar bhi, kisaan ka bhi.
Kisaan ne poochha, "Mere beej ka kya hoga agar mere baad koi na bachaaye?" Tara ne sansthaayein aur sandhiyaan ginaayi. ICAR-NBPGR National Genebank (Dilli, 1996; 4.7 lakh+ accessions, 12 kshetriya kendra; Budget 2025-26 mein 10 lakh lines ka doosra bank) — ex-situ. Biological Diversity Act, 2002 — NBA, rajya boards, BMC aur People's Biodiversity Register; access and benefit sharing (ABS) — Nagoya Protocol (2010, CBD ke tahat) ka Bharat paksh hai. ITPGRFA (FAO, 2001) — khaadya-fasalon ke germplasm ka multilateral system; Bharat paksh hai.
Daftar lautkar Tara ne apne purane Prelims notes ke traps doharaaye: (a) 'PPV&FR Act kisaan ko beej bechne se rokta hai' — nahi; sirf brand naam se bechne par rok. (b) 'Plant Genome Saviour samman NBA deta hai' — nahi, PPV&FR Authority deta hai. (c) 'Swarna-Sub1 ek GM fasal hai' — nahi, marker-assisted breeding. (d) 'NBPGR gene bank Hyderabad mein' — nahi, Dilli. (e) In-situ = khet/samudaay; ex-situ = bank, botanical garden, cryo.
Ab Tara ke saamne Mains ka santulan tha: in-situ sanrakshan gyaan aur vikas bachata hai par kisaan ka vyaktigat jokhim hai (kam upaj, bazaar); ex-situ surakshit par sthir aur samudaay se kata hua. Neeti ka raasta — samudayik beej-bank ko BMC/Gene Fund se jodna, landrace ko ABS se aay dena, aur gene bank ko kisaan ke liye khula rakhna. Usne kadi likhi: kism bachi, phir allele mila, phir kism bani, phir kisaan ko hissa mila, isliye agli kism bachaane ka protsahan bana.
Samman samaaroh ke bhaashan ke liye Tara ne Bharat ki jad dhoondhi: Chandogya Upanishad 6.12 mein bargad ke beej ko tod kar 'kuch nahi' dikhne par Uddalaka kehte hain ki usi sookshm se vishaal vriksh hai; ek vyakhya mein beej ke andar chhupi sampada ka yeh sabse purana sanket hai, jo GS1 (sanskriti) ke uttar ka opener ban sakta hai.
Aap Tara hote toh is kisaan ke beej ko khet mein bachaate, gene bank bhejte, ya dono?
Humne kya kiya :- DNA aur allele ke vigyan ko PPV&FR Act, NBPGR, BD Act/Nagoya aur ITPGRFA ke dhaanche se joda, FR13A ko case bana kar.
Isse kya hua :- GS3 ka uttar teen paraton mein khada hota hai: vigyan (allele-pool), sanstha (Authority, NBPGR, NBA) aur neeti ka trade-off (in-situ vs ex-situ, haq vs bazaar).
Ghar pe try karo
250 shabd likho: 'Kisaan ka khet bhi gene bank hai.' Ek para FR13A → Swarna-Sub1 (vigyan), ek para PPV&FR Act (dhara 39, 45; Plant Genome Saviour) aur NBPGR, ek para in-situ vs ex-situ ka trade-off aur neeti. Phir jaancho: kya tumne 'GM' aur 'marker-assisted' ko alag rakha?
Wow!
Ek dhaan kism jise 'kam upaj wali purani' kah kar chhoda gaya tha, usi ka ek allele aaj laakhon baadh-prabhavit kheton ki dhaan ko 14 din tak paani mein zinda rakhta hai — bina transgenic banaye!
3 sawaal
- PPV&FR Act, 2001 ki dhara 39 ke tahat kisaan kya NAHI kar sakta?
Jawab dekho
Surakshit kism ka beej brand naam se bechna. Dhara 39 beej bachaane, bone, baantne aur bechne ka haq deti hai; sirf brand naam (branded seed) se bechne par rok hai.
- Plant Genome Saviour Farmer Reward kaun deta hai?
Jawab dekho
PPV&FR Authority (Gene Fund Rules, 2012). Card ke anusaar yeh dhara 39(1)(iii) aur Gene Fund Rules 2012 ke tahat PPV&FR Authority deta hai — ₹1.5 lakh, saal mein adhiktam das.
- Swarna-Sub1 ke baare mein sahi kya hai?
Jawab dekho
Odisha ki landrace FR13A ka SUB1 allele marker-assisted breeding se Swarna mein laaya gaya. IRRI ke anusaar FR13A SUB1 ka srot hai; marker-assisted backcrossing se Swarna-Sub1 bani — GM nahi.
NCERT se jodo: GS3 — Agriculture, Biotechnology, Environment (biodiversity conservation, IPR aur farmers' rights); GS2 — statutory bodies; NCERT Class 12 Biology ke molecular basis of inheritance aur biodiversity ke vichar