EngineeringMarichi · UPSC
Dam Safety aur Pumped Storage: Hydrostatics se Dam Safety Act, 2021 tak
Kabhi socha hai ki Bharat ke hazaaron bade baandh, jinme se kai purane hain, unki suraksha ka zimmedar kaun hai? Aur jab CEA kehta hai ki shaam ki bijli ke liye storage kam hai, toh baandh us kahani mein kahan aate hain?
Socho pehle… phir dekho jawab
Baandh do bhoomikaon mein hai: suraksha ka sawaal (purani deewar, badalta baarish ka pattern, H² se badhta bal) aur bhavishya ki bijli ka sawaal (pumped storage = paani ki battery). Pehle ka jawab Dam Safety Act, 2021 hai; doosre ka jawab samay aur saahas maangta hai.
Engineering core: paani ka bal ½ρgH² (per metre), H/3 par; gravity dam ki overturning-sliding jaanch; uplift (drain/grout se kam); spillway ki kshamata; middle-third niyam. Prelims trap: bal H ke saath nahi, H² ke saath badhta hai.
Dam Safety Act, 2021 (assent 13 Dec 2021): 'specified dam' = 15 m se ooncha, ya 10-15 m kuch design sharton ke saath. Chaar sansthaayein — National Committee on Dam Safety (neeti), National Dam Safety Authority (laagu karna, rashtriya database), State Committee on Dam Safety aur State Dam Safety Organisation. PRS ke anusaar June 2019 tak Bharat mein 5,745 bade baandh (nirmaanadheen samet), adhiktar rajyon ke paas.
Pumped storage: din mein sasti bijli se paani neeche ki jheel se upar ki jheel mein pump karo, shaam ke peak par gira kar bijli banao. CEA card ka tark: har GW shaam ka load jo battery ya pumped hydro uthaye, utna coal kam banana pade; par pumped hydro banne mein saal lagte hain aur battery ghanton ka saath deti hai, hafte bhar ki garmi ka nahi.
Bharat ki jad (Junagadh shilalekh, 150 CE): Chandragupta Maurya ke rajyapal Pushyagupta ki banayi, Ashoka ke samay Tushaspha dwara sudhaari Sudarshana jheel ka baandh toofan mein toota; Rudradaman ke mantri Suvisakha ne use kar, vishti (begaar) aur pranaya bina joda — sarvajanik dhaanche ki marammat bina praja par bojh daale, ek purana shasan-adarsh.
Humne kya kiya :- Baandh ki physics ko suraksha-kanoon (Dam Safety Act, 2021) aur urja-neeti (pumped storage, CEA ka storage-gap) se joda.
Isse kya hua :- GS3 ka ek uttar ab teen paraton mein khada hota hai: takneek (½ρgH²), sanstha (NCDS-NDSA-SCDS-SDSO) aur neeti ka trade-off (storage banam coal).
Ghar pe try karo
250 shabd likho: 'Bharat ke baandh: purani deewar, naya kaam.' Ek para suraksha (Dam Safety Act, 2021 ki chaar sansthaayein), ek para pumped storage aur CEA ka storage-gap, aur ek line Junagadh shilalekh se. Phir jaancho: kya tumne bal ko H ke bajaay H² ke saath likha?
Wow!
1,800 saal se bhi pehle ka ek shilalekh baandh ke toote hisse ka naap aur marammat ka tareeka darj karta hai — aur garv se kehta hai ki praja se begaar nahi li gayi!
3 sawaal
- Dam Safety Act, 2021 ke anusaar 'specified dam' kaunsa hai?
Jawab dekho
15 m se ooncha, ya 10-15 m kuch design sharton ke saath. Act 15 m se oonche aur kuch sharton par 10-15 m ke baandhon par laagu hota hai, sarkari ho ya niji.
- Baandh par paani ka kul bal gehrai H ke saath kaise badhta hai?
Jawab dekho
H² ke anupaat mein. F = ½ρgH² per metre chaudai; H doguna toh bal chaar guna.
- Junagadh shilalekh ke anusaar Sudarshana jheel ki marammat kisne karwayi?
Jawab dekho
Rudradaman ke mantri Suvisakha. Pushyagupta ne banayi, Tushaspha ne sudhaari, aur 150 CE ke toofan ke baad Suvisakha ne kar, vishti aur pranaya bina marammat ki.
NCERT se jodo: GS3 — Infrastructure (energy, dams), Disaster Management; GS2 — statutory bodies; GS1 — Prachin Bharat (Junagadh shilalekh)