ParyavaranMarichi · UPSC
Solid Waste Management: Rules, Responsibility aur Reality
Kooda alag karne ki zimmedari kiski hai — nagrik ki, nagar-nigam ki, ya producer ki? Bharat ka kanoon teeno ko kaise baantta hai?
Socho pehle… phir dekho jawab
Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016 (Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 ke tahat) source par segregation ko generator ka kartavya banate hain aur sthaniya nikayon ko collection, processing aur disposal ki zimmedari dete hain; Plastic Waste Management Rules mein EPR producer par zimmedari daalta hai. Asli chunauti implementation mein hai.
Science: aerobic galna (khaad) versus anaerobic galna (landfill mein methane, leachate); waste hierarchy — Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, recovery, phir landfill sabse aakhri.
Static: Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 ke tahat Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016 (jinhone Municipal Solid Wastes Rules, 2000 ki jagah li) source par kooda alag karne ko kehte hain: geela, sookha aur ghar ka khatarnak kooda. Sthaniya nikay (ULBs) collection, processing aur disposal sambhalte hain. Plastic Waste Management Rules mein EPR (producer ki zimmedari) hai. Swachh Bharat Mission (Urban) 2014 se chal raha hai. Sanvidhan ki Twelfth Schedule (74th Amendment) mein solid waste management nagarpalikaon ke kaamon mein hai. Pariksha se pehle in rules ka latest sanshodhit paath zaroor dekh lo.
Prelims traps: (a) landfill mein methane anaerobic sthiti mein banti hai, aerobic mein nahi. (b) EPR ki zimmedari producer, importer aur brand owner par hai, nagrik par nahi. (c) SWM Rules Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 ke tahat bane niyam hain (subordinate legislation), Parliament ka alag Act nahi. (d) 'Biodegradable' ka matlab landfill mein harmless hona nahi.
Mains angle (GS3 environment; GS2 local government): ULBs ke paas paise aur kaarmikon ki kami, kooda beenne walon (waste-pickers) ko vyavastha mein shaamil karna, nagrikon ka vyavahaar badalna, vikendrit composting aur biogas, recycled saamaan ke bazaar, aur EPR ka enforcement. Waste-to-energy par do tark hain: aayatan aur urja ka faayda versus dhuen aur raakh ki chinta.
Ghar pe try karo
250 shabd ka jawaab likho: 'Source par segregation ke bina shehron mein kooda prabandhan safal nahi ho sakta.' Ek science ka point (anaerobic/aerobic), ek kanooni point (SWM Rules 2016 ya EPR) aur ek sudhaar (jaise waste-pickers ko shaamil karna) rakho.
Wow!
Ek tokri mein alag kiya hua geela kooda khaad ban sakta hai, jabki wahi chhilke landfill mein methane bana sakte hain!
3 sawaal
- Trap: sahi kathan chuno.
Jawab dekho
EPR ki zimmedari mukhya roop se producer, importer aur brand owner par hai. EPR producer par zimmedari daalta hai. Methane anaerobic sthiti mein banti hai; SWM Rules EP Act, 1986 ke tahat bane niyam hain; biodegradable kooda landfill mein bhi methane/leachate de sakta hai.
- SWM Rules, 2016 mein kooda kin teen dhaaron mein alag karne ko kaha gaya hai?
Jawab dekho
Geela, sookha aur ghar ka khatarnak kooda. Rules source par geela, sookha aur ghar ke khatarnak kooda ko alag karne ko kehte hain.
- Landfill se bina niyantran ke methane nikalna ek jalvayu mudda kyun hai?
Jawab dekho
Methane ek greenhouse gas hai. Methane ek taakatwar greenhouse gas hai jo garmi rokta hai.
NCERT se jodo: GS3 — Environment (waste management, pollution); GS2 — local government, Twelfth Schedule