MedicalMarichi · UPSC
Saaf Hawa ek Health Right: GRAP, Winter Calendar aur Airshed Governance
AQI 'poor' hote hi GRAP lagta hai — par jab tak curbs lagte hain, phephdon par asar shuru ho chuka hota hai. Kya air-quality governance ko reactive se preventive banaya ja sakta hai?
Socho pehle… phir dekho jawab
Dilli ka permanent winter calendar yahi koshish hai: rok pehle se fixed (1 Nov–28 Feb), GRAP ke saath-saath. Par PM2.5 ka source ek poora airshed hai, isliye health outcome kisi ek shehar ke niyam se tay nahi hota.
Health aadhar: PM2.5 alveoli tak pahunchta hai aur saans ki naliyon mein inflammation badhata hai; isliye air quality public health (GS2) aur environmental pollution (GS3) dono ka vishay hai. Courts saaf hawa ko Article 21 (right to life) ka hissa maante hain — M.C. Mehta cases judicial governance of pollution ki standard misaal hain.
Institutional frame: Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 — CPCB aur SPCBs; Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 — umbrella standards. CAQM 2021 ke Act se statutory bana (2020 ke ordinance ke baad) — jurisdiction NCR aur Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, UP ke adjoining areas par; isne EPCA ki jagah li, iske directions SPCBs par bhaari padte hain, aur GRAP ab isi ka hai. GRAP (2017, M.C. Mehta orders ke baad) ke 4 stages: I 'poor' 201-300, II 'very poor' 301-400, III 'severe' 401-450, IV 'severe plus' 450+. National AQI (2014) — 8 pollutants, 6 bands. NCAP (January 2019) — lagbhag 130 non-attainment cities, revised target PM mein 40% tak kami, funding performance se judi. BS-VI 1 April 2020 se nationwide, BS-V skip.
Naya kya hai: 23 June ko notify, 28 Sept ko permanent — 1 Nov–31 Jan bahar registered non-BS-VI vaahanon ki entry band (CNG, EV, emergency ko chhoot), 50% physical attendance (hospital, transport, power, water, sanitation ko chhoot), authorised parking ka charge double, 'No PUCC, No Fuel' ke liye 500 pumps par ANPR, aur construction ke do tiers — 10 Dec–20 Jan poora ban.
Analysis: calendar incentives badalta hai (dhool wala kaam kharab mahino se pehle), par blunt hai aur GRAP se overlap karta hai. Dilli ka apna hissa ~30%, NCR ka 60-65% — isliye airshed approach: common targets, har rajya ka seasonal source apportionment, pooled funding; CAQM ke paas jurisdiction pehle se hai. Health-equity angle: construction ban mein mazdooron ki kamaai rukti hai — welfare fund se subsistence support ke bina 'permanent calendar' har saal ka income shock ban sakta hai. Note: yeh lesson policy samajhne ke liye hai, kisi ilaaj ki salah nahi.
Ghar pe try karo
250-word Mains skeleton: intro (28 Sept ka permanent plan + 30% vs 60-65%), body 1 (GRAP reactive kyun), body 2 (airshed aur CAQM ki multi-State jurisdiction), body 3 (institutional changes: common targets, source apportionment, ANPR enforcement, mazdooron ke liye welfare support), conclusion (shared accountability).
Wow!
India ne BS-IV se seedhe BS-VI par chhalaang lagayi — BS-V nationwide kabhi aaya hi nahi!
3 sawaal
- CAQM ke baare mein sahi kathan kaunsa hai?
Jawab dekho
Yeh 2021 ke Act se bani statutory body hai, jiska jurisdiction NCR ke saath Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, UP ke adjoining areas tak hai. CAQM 2021 ke Act se statutory hai aur adjoining States ke areas bhi iske jurisdiction mein hain.
- GRAP ka Stage I kis AQI band se shuru hota hai?
Jawab dekho
Poor (201-300). Stage I 'poor' (201-300) par lagta hai — trap: 'moderate' nahi.
- NCAP mein 'non-attainment city' kise kehte hain?
Jawab dekho
Jo paanch saal tak National Ambient Air Quality Standards poore na kare. Non-attainment city woh hai jo paanch saal tak NAAQS poore nahi karti.
NCERT se jodo: GS3 — Environmental pollution; GS2 — Health aur inter-State coordination; NCERT Class 11 Biology — breathing and exchange of gases