PhysicsMarichi · UPSC
Optogenetics ki Physics: Visible Spectrum, Photon Energy aur Optical Fibre
Nobel 2026 Medicine mein mila, par uski reedh physics hai: rang-specific photon aur fibre mein TIR. Prelims kahan phansata hai?
Socho pehle… phir dekho jawab
Channelrhodopsin ek light-gated ion channel hai jo neeli roshni par khulta hai; roshni ko gehre tissue tak optical fibre pahunchaati hai. Basic science ka yeh rasta 1990s ki alga se shuru hokar teen dashak mein clinic ki taraf aaya.
Physics core: visible spectrum lagbhag 400-700 nm; photon energy E = hc/λ, isliye neeli photon laal se zyada energetic hai. Molecule specific wavelength sokhte hain, yahi rang-specific switch ka aadhaar hai. Optical fibre total internal reflection par chalta hai: core ka refractive index cladding se zyada, aur angle critical angle se bada.
Card facts: Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet ne 2026 ka Physiology or Medicine prize Karl Deisseroth, Peter Hegemann aur Georg Nagel ko 'light-gated ion channels aur optogenetics' ke liye diya. Hegemann ne 1990s mein Chlamydomonas alga mein roshni se tez electric signal dekha; 2000 mein Nagel ke saath channelrhodopsin-1 aur -2 mile; ChR2 0.2 ms mein khulta hai aur positive ions andar aane deta hai. Deisseroth: 2005 rat neurons, 2007 fibre-optic se mice ki whiskers. Prize 12 million Swedish crowns, shared.
Prelims traps: (1) Medicine Nobel Karolinska ki Nobel Assembly deti hai; Physics aur Chemistry Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. (2) Fibre mein roshni refraction se nahi, TIR se guided hoti hai, aur core ka index cladding se zyada hota hai, kam nahi. (3) ChR2 positive ions andar aane deta hai.
Mains angle (GS3 S&T, developments and applications): curiosity-driven research ka payoff der se aata hai. ANRF Act, 2023 ne SERB ko merge karke PM-chaired Anusandhan National Research Foundation banaya; test yeh hai ki woh lambe, open-ended grants de paata hai ya nahi. Safeguards: har human use gene therapy plus device hai, isliye disease-by-disease trial evidence par approval.
Ghar pe try karo
Ek 150-shabd ka answer likho: 'Optogenetics ki kahani India ki basic research funding ke baare mein kya sikhaati hai?' Physics ki ek line (photon/TIR) aur ANRF Act, 2023 dono shamil karo.
Wow!
Ek pond alga ke bare mein jigyasa ne dimaag ke circuits on-off karne ka tool de diya. Kisi applied brief se yeh kabhi commission nahi hota.
3 sawaal
- Physiology or Medicine ka Nobel kaun deta hai?
Jawab dekho
Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet. Medicine Nobel Karolinska Institutet ki Nobel Assembly deti hai; Physics/Chemistry Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.
- Trap: optical fibre ke baare mein sahi kya hai?
Jawab dekho
Core ka refractive index cladding se zyada hota hai aur roshni TIR se guided hoti hai. TIR ke liye core ka index zyada chahiye; glass mein roshni ki speed c/n, hawa se kam.
- Channelrhodopsin-2 ke baare mein sahi kya hai?
Jawab dekho
Neeli roshni se khulta hai aur positive ions andar aane deta hai. ChR2 neeli roshni se khulne wala light-gated ion channel hai, jo pehle alga Chlamydomonas mein mila.
NCERT se jodo: GS3 — Science & Technology (developments and their applications in everyday life); NCERT Class 12 Physics — ray optics, dual nature of radiation