UPSC Darpan

SamajMarichi · UPSC

Unpaid Care Work: Ginna, Maanna, Ghatana, Baantna

Bharat ki mahilayein roz ghanton ka kaam karti hain jo GDP, labour law aur aksar parivaar ki nazar se bhi bahar rehta hai. Kya State ko ise wage dena chahiye, ya pehle ise kam aur barabar baantna chahiye?

Socho pehle… phir dekho jawab

Unpaid care work (gharelu kaam aur dekhbhaal) arthvyavastha ki neev hai par national accounts ki production boundary ke bahar hai. Neeti ke teen kadam ek saath chahiye: maap (Time Use Survey), manyata (adhikaar, mol, samman) aur bojh ghatana-baantna (infrastructure, care services, purushon ki bhaagidaari). GS1 (women, social empowerment) + GS2 (welfare schemes) + GS3 (labour, growth measurement).

Concept: care work do tarah ka — direct (bachche, bujurg, beemar ki dekhbhaal) aur indirect (khana, paani, safai, eedhan). Feminist economics mein Diane Elson ka '3R' framework — recognise, reduce, redistribute — neeti ka aam dhaancha hai. Sociology ki bhasha mein yeh 'double burden' hai jo mahilaon ki labour force bhaagidaari, padhai aur aaram ko seemit karta hai.

Data (card ke anusaar, PIB): National Statistics Office (MoSPI) ka Time Use Survey 2019 mein pehli baar hua, phir 2024 mein. TUS 2024 mein 6 saal aur upar ki 81.5% mahilaon aur 27.1% purushon ne unpaid gharelu kaam kiya; 15-59 saal ki mahilaon ne roz 305 minute diye (2019 mein 315). SDG target 5.4 unpaid care aur gharelu kaam ko 'recognise and value' karne ki baat karta hai.

Bharat ki apni parampara: All India Women's Conference ki 1939 ki report aur 1946 ke Indian Women's Charter ne homemaker ke kaam ko factory ki mazdoori ke barabar maana; Constituent Assembly mein Renuka Ray ne housewife ko bhi 'working woman' kaha. Article 39(d) (DPSP) samaan kaam ke liye samaan vetan ki baat karta hai, par paid kaam maan kar. Adalatein motor-accident jaise maamlon mein homemaker ki notional income lagakar muavza deti hain — yaani kanoon uske kaam ka mol pehle se maanta hai.

Prelims traps: (a) Time Use Survey NSO (MoSPI) karta hai, Census ya NFHS nahi; (b) Article 39(d) Directive Principle hai, Fundamental Right nahi; (c) SDG 5.4 unpaid care se juda hai, 5.3 child marriage se. Mains angle: cash transfer (jaise Goa ki Griha Aadhar) paisa aur bargaining power deta hai, par gender bantwaara pakka bhi kar sakta hai; isliye paani, LPG, creche aur ASHA-Anganwadi jaise 'volunteer' kahe jaane wale care workers ko nyaayasangat vetan — dono saath chahiye.

Ghar pe try karo

Ek A4 par 2 bar wala chitra banao (card ka sujhaya diagram): mahilaon aur purushon ke unpaid ghante; phir teer banao ki paani, gas aur creche mahilaon ke bar ko kaise chhota karte hain. Phir 150 shabd likho: 'Recognise, reduce, redistribute — Bharat ke liye care neeti.' Apne ghar ka ek din ka time-use bhi likho — ek asli udaharan answer mein jaan daal deta hai.

Wow!

Bharat ki mahilaon ne wages for housework ki maang 1939 mein rakh di thi — Padua (1972) ke prasiddh abhiyaan se 33 saal pehle!

3 sawaal

  1. India mein Time Use Survey kaun karta hai?
    Jawab dekho

    National Statistics Office (MoSPI). Card ke anusaar TUS NSO (MoSPI) karta hai; pehla 2019 mein, phir 2024 mein.

  2. Unpaid care aur gharelu kaam ko 'recognise and value' karne ki baat kis SDG target mein hai?
    Jawab dekho

    5.4. SDG 5.4 unpaid care se juda hai; 5.3 child, early aur forced marriage se.

  3. Article 39(d) ke baare mein sahi kathan chuno.
    Jawab dekho

    Yeh DPSP hai jo purush aur mahila ke liye samaan kaam ka samaan vetan maangta hai. Article 39(d) ek Directive Principle hai jo paid kaam mein samaan vetan ki baat karta hai.

NCERT se jodo: GS1 — role of women, social empowerment; GS2 — welfare schemes for vulnerable sections; GS3 — growth measurement aur labour

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